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What Is Supply Chain Flexibility?

In the field of supply chain management, flexibility is a concept that is always changing and developing. Traditional supply chain management is strictly structured, and even little disruptions can have significant effects. On the other side, supply chain flexibility fosters a readiness to adapt and respond to changes fast while removing important risks in the process. Flexibility is advantageous because it increases options and enables prompt and effective reactions to emerging situations. You can learn more about this in import export course in Ahmedabad. After many trials and error and setbacks, it is now obvious how important a company’s supply chain is to its entire success. Supply chain operational risk is supported by four pillars: supply, demand, process, and environmental ecosystems. It is essential to understand how to recognise and control these risks if you want to create a supply chain that is adaptable to the fast-paced, constantly changing environment of today. Additional subcategories under each of these pillars, such as business hazards, the political environment, and trade disruptions, all add to the risk category. These are the elements that make it more difficult for supply chain managers to make decisions. Let’s find out here briefly what are the different forms of supply chain flexibility and how they help the supply chain risk management process adapt to changing demands.

9 Types of Supply Chain Flexibility

Volume

To fulfil supplier needs and avoid issues with inventory levels, volume flexibility offers solutions to react and adjust to volume fluctuations in orders.

Scheduling

Production and delivery schedule adjustments are possible with flexible scheduling.

Physical

Physical flexibility is the ability to move objects around in a warehouse setting to facilitate simple picking, packing, loading, and sorting of merchandise.

Design

Flexibility in design enables product features to be updated, remarketed, and/or adjusted to changing market and consumer demands.

Material

The process of switching out products for modifications that modify value, standards, and/or client needs is made possible by material flexibility.

Energy

Diverse fuel sources are used by energy flexibility to meet all operational needs.

Lead Time

Delivery timings are controlled via lead time flexibility using processing default times.

Supply Chain Design

Flexibility in supply chain architecture makes use of technological setups to communicate data and information in support of operational and customer needs.

Logistics

Getting a product from point A to point B using any form of transportation is known as flexible logistics. Reviewing the aforementioned flexibility models, we can see that one is distinct but complements the others to provide competitive benefits. The current supply chain is intricate and fraught with dangers. Knowing where there is flexibility in the supply chain can save money and time, which is essential for effective operations and decision-making. All of these processes depend on cooperation and communication between various stakeholders, which is essential to their success. A flexible supply chain ensures brand exposure, market expansion, and competition on a worldwide scale. These flexibility models help you better understand the flow of your supply chain processes, which improves your connections and results in better products and prices. Higher sales, pricing, and success for your business will result from meeting supply demands and running efficient operations.

Warehouse Guide: How Is A Bonded Warehouse Beneficial for the Importers?

Bonded Warehouse is useful in case of import. Here, you do not have to pay custom duty till you resell or export imported products. You have to file a bill of entry when your impor product arrives. There are many other functions of bonded warehouse which we will get to know in this blog. 

“Chase the vision, not the money, the money will end up following you.” 

 – Tony Hsieh

Functions of Bonded Warehouse

In simple words, a custom controlled warehouse. wherein goods are kept for processing before delivery. Private companies or governments, both can own these warehouses. In such warehouses, goods are retained until the custom duty is paid. Though certain timeline rules are regulations are it. Or else, shipment is confiscated according to the laws of a particular country. Majorly, they dispose such shipments. Overall, functions of bonded warehouses have made things easier. Thinking to grow your business at a global level? It’s mainly necessary to store your goods in custom bonded houses. 

Difference Between Bonded & Non Bonded Warehouse

The Importance of bonded warehouses is quite high. But, it does not mean to ignore non bonded warehouses. Let’s Try understanding them one to one.

Bonded Warehouses

To export, import or store goods, bonded warehouses are a safe place. The importer pays the duties when the goods are empty or removed from the storage. Warehouse owner & importer signs on a bonded agreement. That’s why we call it ‘Bonded Warehouses’. Directly or indirectly, it encourages exporters & importers. Majorly, government owns bonded warehouses. Private companies own too but not as much as the government. Bonded warehouses, need to designate a specific area for storage of goods. Once approved, different agreements are done to the various customs inspections. 

Non Bonded Warehouses

In Non Bonded Warehouses, the duty is already paid, unlike bonded warehouses. Understood the difference? Unlike custom authority, port authorities supervise these warehouses. To use the goods in the domestic market, non bonded warehouses are the best. 

Benefits of Bonded Warehouses

We have cleared, Functions of Bonded Warehouses. Little extra technical, right? See, if you really want to be a successful International businessman then you ought to go technical. In clear words, there is no other option. Commonly, use of bonded warehouses is done to deliver the products to customers safely. 

Let’s quickly check out Benefits of bonded warehouses:

* Here, No Duty needs is paid until the goods are released for delivery to the buyer. So, this gives the full control of payment to the respective importer. 

1. Different facilities are equipped to tackle various types of storage 

2. Bonded warehouses offer additional logistic solutions as well. 

3. Even restricted goods are allowed to be stored in the bonded warehouses. 

4. In bonded warehouses, storage can be long term.

5.  Also, safety & Security is comparatively more. 

Importance of Bonded Warehouses

Time For Storage: From the date of it’s arrival, bonded warehouses are supposed to provide storage. Still, That too for the shipments till 24 months. 

Security of shipments: In custom bonded warehouses, the shipment is safe. Here, 24×7 monitoring cameras & other safety precautions are to be taken care of. 

Global Shipping: Bonded warehouses are situated near ports. which makes it quite easy to transport the goods anywhere in the world. 

Value Assurance: As custom authorities provide a bond to product holders, while releasing the products. Financial loss is minimised. Once the business pays out entitled taxes & duties, only then the goods are released.

Storing Restricted Products: Storing restricted products after completion of proper legal work. Imagine, how Great the benefits of bonded warehouses are!! 

Conclusion: 

As far as I am concerned, major things are covered. From, Functions of Bonded Warehouse to importance of bonded warehouses. I just want to highlight one more thing here, don’t go blindly. So, in the export import business, you must keep your eyes open. Whatever decision you take from warehousing to revenue, you ought to decide carefully. So, the stage of decision is hugely crucial. Join Digital exim, the best export import consultancy company in India. You heard that right, India’s fastest appreciated export import consultancy program is conducted here. Call on 9505506333 for ultimate export import consultancy with dozens of features. So, start your export import journey with us today! East or west, Digital Exim is always the best. 

Happy Trading! 🙂 

Tips For First Export Sample To The International Buyers

Trying to build your business through sending your samples for export? This big question is in itself an answer! Read Out this full blog to get the clarity especially for Import Export in India.

1) Safety First:

Hello Guys, you are going for the first ride of sending your export samples to International Importers. See the importers might not pay you in maximum cases but you have to ask for the formalities cost, it’s your right directly or indirectly. You must tell Importers that you will be exporting them only if they will pay courier taxes of goods.

2) Avoid further allegations:

 Your efforts in exporting the samples should not be wasted. You don’t have to send the products in a big size package. You can just create small sample packets and send it. Make sure to keep one sample package with you as well. The reason is that even if tomorrow someone says that the quality of your exporting goods is having some serious issues then you can prove them wrong while showing one of your samples as well (if it’s genuinely good). Also just for the records, you must keep it.

3) Packaging:

If you are exporting a sample of some vegetables or fruit then obviously you must keep them in a cold box. If you are sending some glass made products then the packaging should be so good that it will not break.

4) Printed Details:

While exporting the samples, all the necessary details must be mentioned on the invoice. Also you should also make sure to print ‘Sample – Not For sale’. This is what makes the Export Import sample deal more systematic and professionally sound.

Short Key Point:

While exporting samples, you must be extra careful in choosing the right courier agency.

Conclusion:

The motto behind this short but impactful blog is to really cover up all the basics while exporting samples of your product. I highly recommend Digital Exim, for ultimate export import guidance. For all the emerging and established traders, digital exim is the best consultancy Group among all. Call on 9505506333 to explore now.  

Top Career Options in Export Import Industry

Importing and exporting is a viable professional path. As a result of globalisation and international trade, numerous businesses import and export their products for consumers to buy in other nations. Application for managing international commerce in a business, organisation, or other entity is the responsibility of import and export managers and professionals. You can be in charge of working at numerous points in the supply chain for the global commerce of commodities as an employee in importing and exporting. For instance, when you successfully complete the import export course in Ahmedabad, you might be in charge of marketing, planning the sale of the goods, and/or managing shipping. People that pursue careers in importing and exporting are well-organized, have an understanding of business procedures, have experience speaking another language, and have strong communication skills. As an import – export specialist, there are some key responsibilities such as  –

  • Ensure compliance with the laws and regulations of customs
  • Negotiating with the customs officers to ensure a trouble-free cargo
  • Providing advice to clients on topics like insurance, etc.
  • Offering advice to clients about potential tax and duty savings
  • Observing the coding conventions and categorising the shipments in accordance with the convention
  • Identifying effective packing methods.

In addition to the aforementioned, the individual is expected to manage data, sales-related information, logistics, statutory compliance, administration, supply chain, and accounting. You can get certification in export-import or get Diploma in Export Import Management. The courses cover a variety of issues, such as choosing a product and a market, shipping methods, registration requirements, export filing requirements, export incentives, central excise, current export import policies, international trade policies, administration methods, Inco terminology, etc. The certification is beneficial as it helps in – 

  • to develop the analytical abilities needed to recognise export prospects
  • to build a strategy to integrate import management at the corporate level
  • properly understand the documentation requirements

Scopes in career

A career in the export-import sector is not simple or straightforward. In order to have a great career in this sector, one must go through many obstacles. Management of exports and imports offers a variety of job options. The Directorate General of Foreign Trade oversees the facilitation of foreign trades (DGFT). There are broadly three scopes of work category. You can be a compliance officer, logistician, or marketing manager. They provide a variety of ways to begin careers which are as follows – Export Sales Manager: The job of an export sales manager entails reaching out to the largest number of customers and increasing overall sales abroad. Exim Executive: Depending on the organisation, this position primarily involves paperwork work for duty drawback, EPCG, DGFT, and MEIS. Senior Manager: The senior manager’s responsibility is to create the shipping documentation. Custom House Management: This position entails acting as a legal counsel regarding the categorization of various items. The CHA responds to all of the customs officials’ inquiries. Top Level Posts: This is a highly difficult but rewarding career path. If you are ready to embark on your own export and import journey, you can hold the top CEO roles, which come with greater risks, obligations, and benefits. Export Accounting Manager: Executive Documentation in Exim is a position that deals with paperwork-related duties in the export and import industries. Accounting manager: The accounting manager for export is responsible for creating the cash flow statements, balance sheets, and profit and loss statements

Export Incentives in India: Everything You Need To Know

India is home to hundreds of companies that export goods and services to other countries through a variety of channels, including the increasingly common e-commerce exports. The Government of India offers export incentives to exporters in order to encourage an increasing number of sellers to export from India and benefit them in their enterprises. If you are interested to know more about knowing how to make your business a flagship product, you can take up the import export course in Ahmedabad. Although the pandemic had an impact on the nation’s trade, September 2020 saw an increase in exports. Exports fell 19.05 percent to US$ 150.07 billion from April to October 2020. After a startling six consecutive months, India’s exports increased by 5.99 percent to US$ 27.58 billion in September 2020, but they decreased by 5.4 percent to US$ 24.82 billion in October 2020 as a result of a drop in shipments of engineering items, gems & jewellery, leather, and petroleum products.

What are Export Incentives?

Export incentives are given to exporters as a thank you for earning foreign cash as well as to cover the costs and infrastructure challenges they encounter. The numerous export incentives provided by the government through the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT), as amended and extended till September 2021, are highlighted in India’s Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2015–20.

How do Export Incentives work in India?

To make exports more competitive on the world market, the government collects less tax from them. The incentives offered guarantee greater exposure for local goods and the expansion of Indian export businesses. However, the incentives are given while taking the specific product/availability material’s into consideration. Depending on how scarce or plentiful a product is, these incentives are altered and updated.

Top export incentives for exporters

SEIS (Service Exports from India Scheme) – An incentive of 3–7 percent of the net foreign exchange earnings is given to service exporters under this export incentive programme. To be eligible for a claim under the system, an exporter must have an active IEC with minimum net foreign exchange revenues of US$ 15,000 (about INR 11L). EPCG (Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme) – It is for capital goods used in all the phases of production which can be imported at 0% customs duty, and is referred to as Zero duty EPCG RoDTEP (Rebate of Duties & Taxes on Exported Products scheme) – The RoDTEP programme offers refunds on all additional taxes, including those that were not covered by other export incentive programmes. AAS (Advance Authorization Scheme) – AAS permits the import of raw materials, which are necessary for the production and manufacturing of final export products, at duty-free price. NIRVIK Scheme – The ECGC developed the NIRVIK scheme, which offers high insurance coverage, reduced premiums for small exporters, and a streamlined method for resolving claims (Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India). It serves as a primary insurance cover guarantee programme, covering up to 90% of the principal and interest. EOU Scheme (Export Oriented Units) – It was implemented with the intention of promoting exports by offering a few exemptions from compliance requirements and tax discounts. GST refund for exporters – There are a number of sub-sections under this scheme such as – LUT Bond Scheme- Exporters that secure a “Letter of Undertaking” (LUT) bond are able to export goods free of GST. Refund for IGST – Exporters may pay Integrated GST on exports and then request a refund from the customs office. A 1% GST benefit is available to merchant exporters, who can purchase export items from local vendors for a reduced GST rate of 0.1%.

Export Incentives in India: Everything You Need To Know

India is home to hundreds of companies that export goods and services to other countries through a variety of channels, including the increasingly common e-commerce exports. The Government of India offers export incentives to exporters in order to encourage an increasing number of sellers to export from India and benefit them in their enterprises. If you are interested to know more about knowing how to make your business a flagship product, you can take up the import export course in Ahmedabad. Although the pandemic had an impact on the nation’s trade, September 2020 saw an increase in exports. Exports fell 19.05 percent to US$ 150.07 billion from April to October 2020. After a startling six consecutive months, India’s exports increased by 5.99 percent to US$ 27.58 billion in September 2020, but they decreased by 5.4 percent to US$ 24.82 billion in October 2020 as a result of a drop in shipments of engineering items, gems & jewellery, leather, and petroleum products.

What are Export Incentives?

Export incentives are given to exporters as a thank you for earning foreign cash as well as to cover the costs and infrastructure challenges they encounter. The numerous export incentives provided by the government through the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT), as amended and extended till September 2021, are highlighted in India’s Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2015–20.

How do Export Incentives work in India?

To make exports more competitive on the world market, the government collects less tax from them. The incentives offered guarantee greater exposure for local goods and the expansion of Indian export businesses. However, the incentives are given while taking the specific product/availability material’s into consideration. Depending on how scarce or plentiful a product is, these incentives are altered and updated.

Top export incentives for exporters

SEIS (Service Exports from India Scheme) – An incentive of 3–7 percent of the net foreign exchange earnings is given to service exporters under this export incentive programme. To be eligible for a claim under the system, an exporter must have an active IEC with minimum net foreign exchange revenues of US$ 15,000 (about INR 11L). EPCG (Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme) – It is for capital goods used in all the phases of production which can be imported at 0% customs duty, and is referred to as Zero duty EPCG RoDTEP (Rebate of Duties & Taxes on Exported Products scheme) – The RoDTEP programme offers refunds on all additional taxes, including those that were not covered by other export incentive programmes. AAS (Advance Authorization Scheme) – AAS permits the import of raw materials, which are necessary for the production and manufacturing of final export products, at duty-free price. NIRVIK Scheme – The ECGC developed the NIRVIK scheme, which offers high insurance coverage, reduced premiums for small exporters, and a streamlined method for resolving claims (Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India). It serves as a primary insurance cover guarantee programme, covering up to 90% of the principal and interest. EOU Scheme (Export Oriented Units) – It was implemented with the intention of promoting exports by offering a few exemptions from compliance requirements and tax discounts. GST refund for exporters – There are a number of sub-sections under this scheme such as – LUT Bond Scheme- Exporters that secure a “Letter of Undertaking” (LUT) bond are able to export goods free of GST. Refund for IGST – Exporters may pay Integrated GST on exports and then request a refund from the customs office. A 1% GST benefit is available to merchant exporters, who can purchase export items from local vendors for a reduced GST rate of 0.1%.

Do Airway Bills Serve As Documents Of Title?

An airway bill is not a title by nature, however it can be prepared so that it can be treated as a title. An airway bill demonstrates that your shipment met the terms of the contract. In addition, an airway bill is a receipt provided by the carrier upon receipt of your shipment. Join Digital Exim’s export import training and know more about airways bill  Once the AWB has been prepared to be treated as a title document, it can be used to transfer the goods to another party, not mentioned in the AWB. This can be accomplished by liaising with such a consignee by leveraging the airway bill.  An airway bill can also be used under DP terms of payment if the airway bill acts as a document of title.  The air waybill, as opposed to a bill of landing, is non-negotiable. As a non-negotiable document, the AWB is purely a transportation agreement, not a contract covering the value of the merchandise.  What has been your experience with converting an Air Way Bill into a document of title?  Did you like our article? Do share your feedback and experience.   The above information is a part of Digital Exim online import export training course.    

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Effective Communication To Get Flooded With International Buyers 

Every individual should consider the importance of communication if they want to gain a better understanding of everything. As for business, without good communication skills, it is impossible to run a business effectively and build a strong customer base. Know the best way to communicate with buyer and finalize a deal with import and export business training.   Communication becomes even more important when working with foreign clients or buyers. Without excellent communication skills, you cannot create a close bond or connection with foreign buyers.  No matter where you are located, communication is an essential part of every business endeavour. Being prepared and adaptable is key to being successful when presenting to international audiences.  If you haven’t figure out how to communicate with international buyers focus on the factors listed below: 

Clarify your words and speak slowly-  

You want your audience to understand you. Watch their faces. Are they following what you’re saying? A slightly slower pace may help. Some listeners may speak English very well, however others may not. You should gauge the level of comprehension of your audience and proceed accordingly. 

Give a description- 

Whenever you are dealing with business, you must be as transparent as possible. If you try to communicate using short sentences to finish the conversation quickly, another person may have some doubts.   The best way to avoid such problems and keep things perfect is to be detailed throughout your entire conversation. This will allow your buyers to know what they are going to buy or how it functions. 

An Interpreter’s Expertise- 

Choosing an interpreter who is qualified and knowledgeable about your industry is the most important factor in communication. Choosing someone who doesn’t have this knowledge can result in inaccurate information being provided to buyers, due to lack of understanding of some terms by the interpreter. 

Simple terms Works Best-  

Those who speak English as a second or third language may be more likely to understand more commonly used English words.  

Using the local language can be a big help-  

While you may have limited or non-existent ability to converse in the local language, you can still learn a few words of greeting for a smoother relationship. This shows your interest in the local culture, demonstrating your willingness to learn.  

  • An effective method for communicating is a vital tool for any business owner. Your ability to communicate effectively can mean the difference between closing a deal and losing out on a potential opportunity. 
  • A study found that 78% of customers buy from the company who responds first. Following up quickly is crucial to a company’s success. The faster you follow up, the more likely you are to close the deal. 

Conclusion- 

The concept of international communication refers to the exchange of information, ideas and beliefs between people of different countries, and can therefore play a role in resolving global conflict and contributing to mutual understanding.  Join our export import course online and start your export import business with us. Gain knowledge about international business. You can also join our live free webinar. Click the link below to become a part of our free webinar.   https://chat.whatsapp.com/Bqz4SWH55nSGtKj3GnJAC8  Do visit us for more information! 

Know Everything About New Export Policy of E-Commerce 

The Indian e-commerce Industry has witnessed rapid growth from past few years and still growing very fast. Import export courses online knows better on how e-commerce has changed the world in today’s time and why it is important. Import export course in Ahmedabad will teach you how e-commerce started to gain popularity with no time.  The expansion of e-commerce started expanding from 1999, and speed up with increasing internet and availability and accessibility of smartphones.   According to IBEF, India’s e-commerce market has the potential to grow more than four times to US$ 150 billion by 2022.  The rapid growth of e-commerce in India is also because of GST, which has replaced the multi-tax regime with single tax system, which provide small sellers the opportunity to be in the competition and compete with large corporates, that too in the sale of goods and services.  If you are also in e-commerce business or interested in it than join import export consultancy services and give your business a new turn of success.  There are few e-commerce export policies that every e-commerce business owner should be aware of for the betterment of their future. The Indian government has revised some of the policy in the favour of business owners that you should be aware of.

Here we have explained you the new Export Policy of E-Commerce:

 

1 Separate e-commerce policy under logistic policy- To promote e-commerce government has included this in logistic policy. Through this policy e-commerce export logistic will become easy.  2 Increase in existing cap of INR 25,000 for courier exports- Till now cargo worth more than 25,000 was exported in commercial mode, which is a slow and lengthy process. Now you can courier cargo around 1 lakh through couriers which will be faster.  3 Dispensing RBI requirement of postal bill of exports against transaction reference number of consignment number- The documentation process is long and tough. Under this policy documents will be reduced and the process will be available online too and that’s a benefit for exporter.  4 Implementation of electronic data interchange mode at courier terminals- Government will introduce EDI system to all the international airports so you can export e-commerce from anywhere and the process will become easy.  5 Reducing transaction cost waiving off collecting fee on applications- Earlier exporter use to pay heavy amount even for a small courier or small transaction. Now Indian government will reduce the transaction cost to make it profitable.  6 Centralizing EDPMS with RBI for claiming MEIS- Commercial banks impose a charge of INR 100 per shipping bill for Bank Realization Certified (BRC) processing. Obtaining EDPMS data from RBI would eliminate the need to obtain BRC for claiming MEIS.  

7 Setting up air freight station- To support e-commerce government will build air freight station near airport. So, that cargo remains at the station, no load to airport and only ready cargo will move to airport.  8 Negotiating lower costs with international freight carriers- Start-ups and new business can’t afford high logistics. So, our government will negotiate international freight carriers and will provide a good rate to new exporter. This will make our product more competitive.  The Indian Government increased the limit of foreign direct investment in e-commerce to 100 percent in order to encourage foreign participation in the field (in B2B modes). 

Conclusion- 

The Indian e-commerce industry has expected to surpass the USA to become the second largest e-commerce market in the world by 2034. Hope you like this blog. To know more about e- commerce policy and to start an e-commerce business join Digital Exim advanced export import course.  To know more about import export business, join our webinar and get guidance by experts to start a new life.   https://chat.whatsapp.com/Bqz4SWH55nSGtKj3GnJAC8 Do visit our Website! 

Why Do We Import the Same Product that We Export? 

Imports are goods and services bought by a nation from another country for usage within its borders. Exports are goods and services made or produced by one country and sold to another and paid for by the latter. Learn import export online and know you can start your business in easiest way. Import and export business training makes it easy to understand the terms of export and import.   When countries import the same product that they export is called as two-way trade. It means international trade in which countries both export and import the same goods or products.  India is the largest producer of agricultural products in the world, yet it had to import the legume to export it. There can be many reasons of it like quality, variety, etc. To know more why we export the same product get and export and import training.  There can be many reasons a country imports the same kinds of goods and products that they export.

Here are some of the reasons mentioned – 

1 Cheap Rate-

Sometimes we find that the product we manufacture in our country is more expensive than the product we import from outside our country. People opt for international product as they find cost of importing product is lower than the cost of manufacturing it.  

2 Good quality-

It is not necessary that the products that are manufactured within your country are of good quality. People today don’t want to compromise on quality. They are ready to pay some extra money for good quality products. This is one of the major reasons to import the same product. 

3 Variety in Products-

If your country is manufacturing a cosmetic product in huge quantities and exporting it but people need more variety and want to try different products. No one wants to settle down with just one brand of the product. 

4 Seasonal products-

Imagine any fruit or vegetable that your country produces in huge quantities in summer but has zero production in winters, then you will import the same product once you were exporting. 

5 High export rate and low import rate-

A country may manufacture a high quality, high price product or service and export it. But at the same time to save money it imports a cheaper version of the same thing.   India is growing in terms of foreign trade. India exports have increased more than 16 times and imports more than 19 times in the fiscal year 2020-21. India’s import and export stood at US $394.43 billion and US $291.80 billion. 

In fiscal year 2020-21top exported items were- mineral fuels and gems and precious metals and at the same time top imported goods were- mineral fuel and precious stones and metals.  Top three export partner of India in this year were USA than followed by China and UAE. Whereas top the import partners of India were China, USA and UAE.  

Conclusion- 

Different styles of products can be adapted to different markets. Consumers like a diversity of international products. The appeal of buying foreign product is more exciting than buying domestic ones.  Two-way trade may be explained by variation in transportation costs and seasonal factors; it usually occurs in the context of models of imperfect competition in the same industry. Adjustment costs associated with expanding two-way trade may be lower than those associated with expanding one-way trade.  Our action speaks and experience work. Give your dreams wings with Digital Exim. To start your import export business, join our free webinar and start your trade in just 45 days with us.   To be a part of our webinar click on the link given below.   https://chat.whatsapp.com/Bqz4SWH55nSGtKj3GnJAC8 Do give us a Visit! 

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